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PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF PET, MRI, AND CT TOMOGRAPHY
Course Information
| Course | PHYSICAL PRINCIPLES OF PET, MRI, AND CT TOMOGRAPHY | Code | MTIB2315 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Field of study | 70530507 – Medical Physics | Semester | 3 |
| Form of Study | Full-time | Taught Language | English |
| Lectures | 30 | Practical Lessons | - |
| Seminars | 30 | Independent Work | 60 |
| Total Hours | 120 | Credits | 4 |
Lectures – Semester 3
| Code | Theme | Material |
|---|---|---|
| L1 | Introduction to Medical Tomography Modalities. Evolution of medical imaging: from X-ray to multimodal tomography. General principles of image formation. Comparative overview of PET, MRI, and CT | Download |
| L2 | Physics of X-rays and Computed Tomography (CT). X-ray generation and spectra. Attenuation and transmission through matter. Beer–Lambert law for CT imaging | Download |
| L3 | CT Scanner Design and Image Reconstruction. Components of CT systems: tube, detector, gantry. Projection data acquisition (sinogram). Reconstruction algorithms (FBP, iterative methods) | Download |
| L4 | Advanced Physics of CT Imaging. Spatial resolution, contrast, and noise. Dose in CT imaging and dose reduction techniques. Dual-energy and spectral CT principles | Download |
| L5 | Physics of Positron Emission Tomography (PET). Radioactive decay and positron emission. Annihilation photons and coincidence detection. Physics of radionuclide production (cyclotrons) | Download |
| L6 | PET Detectors and Electronics. Scintillation crystals and photodetectors. Time-of-flight (TOF) PET. Energy and timing resolution | Download |
| L7 | PET Image Formation and Reconstruction. Line of response (LOR) and sinogram generation. Iterative reconstruction (MLEM, OSEM). Noise and resolution trade-offs | Download |
| L8 | Physics of Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) fundamentals. Spin precession, Larmor frequency, relaxation (T1, T2, T2*). Bloch equations | Download |
| L9 | MRI Signal Generation and Detection. RF pulses and resonance excitation. Free induction decay (FID) and signal detection. Relaxation mechanisms in tissue contrast | Download |
| L10 | Spatial Encoding in MRI. Gradient magnetic fields and spatial localization. k-space concept and Fourier reconstruction. Resolution vs. acquisition time | Download |
| L11 | Advanced MRI Techniques. Diffusion MRI, functional MRI (fMRI), MR spectroscopy. Fast imaging methods (EPI, FLASH). Parallel imaging | Download |
| L12 | Quantitative Aspects of PET, MRI, and CT. Image quality metrics: SNR, CNR, resolution. Quantitative imaging biomarkers. Standardized Uptake Value (SUV) in PET | Download |
| L13 | Multimodal Imaging Systems. PET/CT and PET/MRI hybrid systems. Technical integration challenges. Clinical advantages of multimodal imaging | Download |
| L14 | Safety and Quality Control in Tomography. Radiation dose in CT and PET. MRI safety: strong magnetic fields, RF heating. Quality assurance protocols in tomographic imaging | Download |
| L15 | Future Directions in Tomographic Imaging. Spectral CT and photon-counting detectors. Ultra-high-field MRI. AI and deep learning in PET/MRI/CT image reconstruction | Download |
Seminar Lessons – Semester 3
| Code | Theme | Material |
|---|---|---|
| S1 | Fundamentals of Medical Imaging. Comparative discussion of PET, MRI, and CT imaging modalities. Necessity of multiple imaging methods in modern diagnostics | Download |
| S2 | Physics of X-ray Attenuation and CT Contrast. Problem set on attenuation coefficients, Beer–Lambert law. Case study: how tissue composition affects CT contrast | Download |
| S3 | Photon Detection in CT and PET. Exercise: energy resolution and count statistics in photon detectors. Discussion: semiconductor vs scintillation detectors | Download |
| S4 | Image Reconstruction in CT. Solving simple Radon transform inversion problems. Demonstration: filtered back projection (FBP) vs iterative reconstruction | Download |
| S5 | Radioactive Tracers in PET. Literature review on commonly used tracers (e.g., FDG). Group discussion: biological vs physical challenges in tracer selection | Download |
| S6 | Coincidence Detection and PET Physics. Problem solving on positron range, annihilation photons, coincidence timing. Discussion: limitations of spatial resolution in PET | Download |
| S7 | Noise and Resolution in CT and PET. Analytical problems: SNR dependence on photon statistics. Analyzing published PET/CT data for resolution vs noise trade-off | Download |
| S8 | Magnetic Resonance Fundamentals. Hands-on calculations of Larmor frequency, relaxation times. Discussion: T1 vs T2 weighted imaging in clinical practice | Download |
| S9 | Pulse Sequences in MRI. Designing pulse sequence diagrams. Case study: fast spin-echo vs gradient-echo imaging | Download |
| S10 | Functional and Advanced MRI Techniques. Literature presentations: fMRI, diffusion MRI, MR spectroscopy. Critical review: applications in neuroscience and oncology | Download |
| S11 | Multimodal Imaging: PET/CT and PET/MRI. Case study: PET/CT scan workflow. Group task: compare clinical scenarios for PET/CT vs PET/MRI | Download |
| S12 | Image Quality Metrics. Problem-solving: contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR), modulation transfer function (MTF). Hands-on evaluation of sample PET, MRI, CT images | Download |
| S13 | Radiation Dose and Safety. Discussion on ALARA principle in CT and PET. Exercises: calculating effective dose from scan parameters | Download |
| S14 | Emerging Trends in Medical Tomography. Deep learning in image reconstruction, spectral CT, ultra-high-field MRI. Discussion: will AI replace traditional reconstruction? | Download |
| S15 | Mini-Projects and Presentations. Presentation of a short project (literature review, simulation, or analysis). Peer review and feedback | Download |